Your master password is derived once, then split into two independent keys: one unlocks your vault, one signs login challenges. The server only ever holds the public half of the signing key.
Argon2id
Master-password key derivation
64 MiB of memory, 3 passes, 4 lanes. Memory hardness is what makes custom guessing hardware expensive rather than merely slow. Parameters are stored per account and can be raised later without re-encrypting anything.